Built and trained at a two-decade cost of USD 83 billion, Afghan security forces collapsed so quickly and completely in some cases without a shot fired that the ultimate beneficiary of the American investment turned out to be the Taliban. They grabbed not only political power but also US-supplied firepower guns, ammunition, helicopters and more.
The Taliban captured an array of modern military equipment when they overran Afghan forces who failed to defend district centers. Bigger gains followed, including combat aircraft, when the Taliban rolled up provincial capitals and military bases with stunning speed, topped by capturing the biggest prize, Kabul, over the weekend. A US defence official on Monday confirmed the Taliban’s sudden accumulation of US-supplied Afghan equipment is enormous.
The official was not authorised to discuss the matter publicly and so spoke on condition of anonymity. The reversal is an embarrassing consequence of misjudging the viability of Afghan government forces by the US military as well as intelligence agencies which in some cases chose to surrender their vehicles and weapons rather than fight. The US failure to produce a sustainable Afghan army and police force, and the reasons for their collapse, will be studied for years by military analysts.
The basic dimensions, however, are clear and are not unlike what happened in Iraq. The forces turned out to be hollow, equipped with superior arms but largely missing the crucial ingredient of combat motivation. Money can’t buy will. You cannot purchase leadership, John Kirby, chief spokesman for Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, said Monday.
Doug Lute, a retired Army lieutenant general who help direct Afghan war strategy during the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, said that what the Afghans received in tangible resources they lacked in the more important intangibles. The principle of war stands moral factors dominate material factors, he said. Morale, discipline, leadership, unit cohesion are more decisive than numbers of forces and equipment.
As outsiders in Afghanistan, we can provide materiel, but only Afghans can provide the intangible moral factors. By contrast, Afghanistan’s Taliban insurgents, with smaller numbers, less sophisticated weaponry and no air power, proved a superior force. US intelligence agencies largely underestimated the scope of that superiority, and even after President Joe Biden announced in April he was withdrawing all US troops, the intelligence agencies did not foresee a Taliban final offensive that would succeed so spectacularly. If we wouldn’t have used hope as a course of action, … we would have realised the rapid drawdown of US forces sent a signal to the Afghan national forces that they were being abandoned, said Chris Miller, who saw combat in Afghanistan in 2001 and was acting secretary of defense at the end of President Donald Trump’s term.
The problem of the US withdrawal is that it sent a nationwide signal that the jig is up a sudden, nationwide signal that everyone read the same way, Stephen Biddle, a professor of international and public affairs at Columbia University and a former adviser to US commanders in Afghanistan, said. The failures go back much further and run much deeper.
The United States tried to develop a credible Afghan defense establishment on the fly, even as it was fighting the Taliban, attempting to widen the political foundations of the government in Kabul and seeking to establish democracy in a country rife with corruption and cronyism.